PostgreSQL supports a variety of data types.
Numeric data types include integer (4 bytes) and bigint (8 bytes) for integers, real and double precision for floating-point numbers, and numeric and decimal for decimal numbers with arbitrary precision.
Because integer is 4 bytes, it can handle integers from -2147483648 to +2147483647. Up to 9 digits is fine, but be aware that 10 digits beyond 2.1 billion may cause overflow.
real is single precision (4 bytes), double precision is double precision (8 bytes), and of course double precision can perform more accurate operations.
numeric is a decimal data type that allows you to specify the total number of digits and the number of digits after the decimal point, such as numeric(8,3). In this case, you can handle numbers like 12345.678.
Data types for handling dates and times include date, which only holds dates, time, which only holds times, and timestamp, which holds both dates and times. The precision of the timestamp type is in microseconds.

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While the data types you typically use may vary depending on the environment and application, it's important to have a solid understanding of the data types defined in the SQL standard.